What Is Product Page

The product page is a page of the e-commerce website that provides a customer with all the needed information about the particular item, allows them to check various options if they exist, and enables a customer to quickly proceed with the purchase process if they decide upon buying the item.

Unlike a real point-of-sale, an e-commerce website doesn’t provide physical contact with an item or assistance from shop staff. Product page becomes the major source of attraction, impression, information, and persuasion. That’s why its design, navigability, and usability play a crucial role in growing sales.

As we mentioned in our guide to the basic web pages, a badly designed product page may waste all the effort (usually massive and complex) taken to bring the buyer to the website and to this particular product. So, besides the attractive product presentation, focus on functionality, clarity, readability, and intuitive navigation.

Product page concept for a gardening e-commerce website

Typical Elements of Product Page

Basically, a product page:

• shows the image of the product
• gives all the needed information about the product
• allows users to check different color/model options (if any)
• enables visitors to see the reviews, comments, and ratings from earlier buyers
• allows for adding the product to the cart or wish list
• shows other relevant options.

Additionally, the product page may include such options as a comparison of different items, especially popular on websites selling different devices and appliances.

Product page interactions for Bennett, a tea brand e-commerce

Based on that, here’s a checklist of basic elements of the product page layout:

• name/title of the item
• photo
• price
• item availability
• add to cart/add to bag/add to basket/buy button
• add to favorites/save to wishlist button
• description
• social proof: rating, reviews, the number of previous buyers, the number of people looking at the item now, etc.
• choice of color
• choice of model
• choice of the number of items to buy
• size guide or calculator (for clothes and footwear)
• extended details (materials, technical specifications, dimensions, weight, special features, etc.)

The list above doesn’t mean that all the points are obligatory for any product page. The choice will depend on analyzing multiple factors, understanding the target audience, and careful prioritization to see which points to include and which may be eliminated from the list for this particular type of goods or kind of customer.

Product page first-screen view on Walmart

Design Practices for Product Pages

Visual Demonstration

Ecommerce platforms are the best place to prove the saying that the picture is worth a thousand words. Not able to contact the item physically, visitors will count on the visuals of the product to make their first impression about the goods. What’s more, images are noticed and decoded faster than words; they will be the first element attracting the visitor’s attention. They present the part of the content which is both informative and emotionally appealing.

That’s why many e-commerce platforms:

• use a set of images to present one item from different points and angles
• apply zoom functionality to enable a visitor to look at some parts of the photo closer, see the textures and small details
• combine the photos of the item with photos of it on a model or in the proper environment to give a better understanding of its looks and sizes

Product page first-screen view on Marks and Spencer: a combination of several photos shows the item separately and on the model

The approaches to photo content can be different and depend on both general brand strategy and particular campaign or collection style. However, what unites them all is:

• originality: special shootings are organized to make custom photos that correspond to the style defined in a brand book or specific campaign guidelines
• high-quality: no doubt, the quality of photos directly influences the impression about the particular item and the brand in general
• optimization for the web: being quality, photos shouldn’t be too big as it can dramatically influence the loading time, which in turn has a great impact on SEO; also, pages loading slowly are the solid reason for high bounce rate – unless the website offers something absolutely unique and super exclusive, people will just go away instead of waiting.

Product page for the niche brand of underwear, using photo demonstration on model

Except for images, other media, more complex or interactive, can also be used. Among them, you can now find:

• product videos, detailed video reviews, and instructions
• 360-degree view of the item
• augmented reality technologies helping people to observe the item in their own environment or try it on virtually

The product page of GNO Blankets website uses video demonstration and graphics with detailed demonstration of product layers.

Obviously, these types of media are often more complicated, time-consuming, and expensive in production than photos. So, the decision on their worthwhileness is usually based on the type and price of the offered item. For example, to sell a 5-dollar T-shirt, photos may be enough, but for buying a massively more expensive fridge, smartphone, computer, or even a car, customers need more convincing in the decision-making way. And in this case, expenses on the more complex but more impressive, persuasive, and informative visuals and media could be a worthy investment.

A creative product page concept for a website selling niche accessories applies special realistic effects to the functionality of a model choice.

The pet shop website uses video demonstrations of the items as a convincing way to see how the product works in the environment and sets the needed emotional connection.

Informative but Simple Description

The saying that people don’t read anymore has nothing in common with the product page: when customers are deciding upon spending their money, they do read what they need to know about the product they are going to buy. Still, it’s not the reason to overload the description, as the attention span is quite limited. The description text should be concise, factual, simple, and talking in the language of the audience. It should answer the basic questions: what the product is, what it looks like, what it does, and how it does it. And better to do it from the first lines, which have the highest chances to be read, instead of filling them with standard marketing hooks shoppers are already sick and tired of.

Another rule of thumb here is connected to the previous point: show, don’t tell. Well, it’s better to say, tell, but also show! Don’t just describe in detail how the bag looks inside – show the photo. Don’t just tell how beautifully this neckerchief matches that jacket – show the photo. Don’t just mention the size of a toy – show the child playing it. Combine the power of words with proper images to make the experience much more effective.

Product page first-screen view on Uniqlo: the page features a concise and informative description of the item and puts the details on materials and care in another tab, both in the pre-scroll area of the page. Another good thing is a clear definition of model size on the photo, allowing the customers to instantly understand the proportions.

The product page for the cosmetics website uncovers the information about the product gradually, with the core data above the fold, supporting the prominent item visualization; the split-screen approach helps to divide visual and text zones to make them easily scanned.

Super Obvious Call to Action

Calls to action (CTA) should be instantly noticeable. In e-commerce interfaces, CTA elements are the core factor of effective interaction with the product; they play a crucial role in usability and navigability and, therefore, in getting profits. When all the path of interaction and transitions is built clearly for users, but the CTA element is not obvious, misplaced, or designed badly, the risk gets higher that users will get confused and need to make an additional effort to achieve their goals – which is annoying. Therefore, the risk of poor conversion rates and bad user experience grows.

ASOS product page first screen: the CTA button differs from everything else on the page due to color contrast and is instantly noticed in the light, airy layout.

Focus on the Item

No doubt, thinking about the layout and content of the product page, both stakeholders and designers feel the urge to fill it with everything possible, and even more, to make the page super informative. However, be careful as this strategy may do a dirty trick: in that flood of information, the focus gets blurred, and visitors can get too distracted to make a decision. How to find the balance?

On the one hand, it’s recommended not to overload the page with a great deal of information that will overwhelm customers and distract their attention from the major goal – to make the purchase. On the other hand, visitors aren’t ready to jump from one page to another to get different information about the item they are interested in. Therefore, the designer has to take the time for thorough research on the issue, prioritize carefully, and find the balance of data that needs to be provided on the product page.

Is there a golden rule for all e-commerce websites? No way, as different customers and markets have different needs, and the type of the product also influences the choice of core and secondary information to show. The analysis of the target audience and user testing can give clues on what information is required for the specific categories of items or services.

Creative product page design for a niche perfume website focuses on item presentation amplified with an atmospheric video background and special effects.

The more pricey, uncommon, or innovative the product, the more information the customers usually want to get about it. And even for common stuff, there may be tons of questions and hesitations. Sure, all the needed information should be accessible from the product page, and the challenge for UX designers here is to find a way to organize it properly. Technical details, materials, weight and size, size chart or calculator for clothing and footwear, functionality for comparing the item with a similar one, and so on and so forth – any of those details can play the premier violin in a story of a particular item.

Use the principle of the inverted pyramid and uncover information gradually, from the most important and demanded shown first to more and more specific details unveiled further.

Instead of creating intrigue, be open, direct, and clean in content presentation.

Try to put all core information in highly readable form on the above-the-fold part of the page.

And test, test, test again, analyze the time on the page, heatmaps, and clicks, ask and analyze to know what buyers really need and what makes shopping convenient for them.

The product page on Amazon is based on the principle of the inverted pyramid: this above-the-fold view shows the core information and functionality buyers want and need to know about this type of product first of all. Engaging social proof is marked by the label of #1 New Release and shows what other products are often bought together with this one.

The second screen uncovers more about the actions of other customers interested in this theme: two sections, visually attractive due to the focus on product images, uncover other items customers view or buy.

And only after that, when scrolling further, users can find extended information, editorial reviews, etc., based on text without visuals.

Intuitive Navigation

Every button, link, and card design can change the conversion rate significantly. It’s vital always to remember: in the intense competition we observe in e-commerce now, buyers aren’t ready to wait or waste their time on unnecessary operations or efforts to understand where’s what they need. What they do demand from e-commerce is an experience that is faster, easier, and more convenient compared to going to the actual store. If this website doesn’t give it to them, they will look for it somewhere else.

So, adding to obvious CTA, make sure that users can effortlessly do common steps, for example:

• find search field
• use breadcrumbs helping to quickly understand the current position in the website hierarchy and probably take a step or two back instead of just going away
• be totally sure which elements on the page are clickable
• see if the item is already in the cart
• see the number of items in the shopping cart or bag (usually in the website header)
• use the power of visual dividers and common directional cues to perceive the information faster
• find the contact information and navigation links in the website footer

Product page first-screen view on Target: multiple photos of the item, both clean and integrated into the environment, clear and instantly noticeable controls for choice of color, the obvious search field in the header, breadcrumbs creating the secondary navigation level, social proof in the form of ratings and questions, and clear call-to-action element.

Consistency

Consistency means that the product communicates with the user in the same or similar way, whatever point or channel of communication. In terms of user experience, it means that similar elements look and function similarly, this way reducing the cognitive load and making interactions smoother and more intuitive.

In e-commerce interface, it touches both:

Internal consistency is about different parts of your interface or brand that look and behave as one clear system. For example, when you make all the CTA buttons on different pages or screens of your product colored and designed the same way, visitors can learn fast and will be able to quickly distinguish them at any step of their user journey.

External consistency is about parts of your interface that look and behave as typical patterns for most products of this kind. That’s, for example, when you use a shopping cart even on the website selling non-tangible products or underline the text links to give users a hint that they are clickable.

Sephora product page first-screen view: expected navigation in the website header, easily recognizable for e-commerce shoppers, super obvious call-to-action button, arrows used as the clearest directional cues for most users around the web, focus on the item presented in different visuals and highlights important and influencing decision-making for the target audience.

Power of Known Patterns

Adding to the previous point, UX designers would better never underestimate the power of habit. In UI for e-commerce, especially in the red-ocean spheres, the primary goal is not to shock and awe. Basically, UX designers become a friend or at least supportive shop assistant who greets visitor, guides them around the store, takes a right to the items they want, and make the checkout as fast and simple as possible. To make that all possible, designers should base their decisions on how actual customers behave.

There are many articles and videos calling creative people to hear their hearts, trust their guts, and think out of the box. However, design is not just pure creativity striving to show all the power of original solutions. First of all, it’s a way to solve the problem and make users happier. So, it’s vital to look at the interface from the user’s perspective and find a way to make interactions that will provide a smooth and easy way to purchase.

The power of habit plays a big role in the products of this kind. Choosing a layout, menus, or icons that stand too far from the ones users are generally accustomed to often brings confusion and frustration. For a simple example, the usage of any other image instead of a magnifying glass to mark the search field can result in a bad user experience as buyers know that visual symbol and will look for it. If you are ready for such experiments, take time to test them well and ensure that customers are ready for them, too.

H&M product page design is based on a minimalist approach: the first-screen view is designed around prominent images, model choice options, elegant and readable basics (product title, color name, and price), a heart icon as a well-recognized visual trigger of adding the item to favorites and a noticeable CTA button. Even the size options are hidden in the dropdown menu to put the number of controls to a minimum and focus all the attention on the visuals. Sure, it means additional clicks and scrolling; however, the approach may be reasonable and effective if the customers are used to this flow and appreciate this particular style, consistently reflecting the brand image in general.

In the article on home page design strategies, we mentioned that the website is made not for creative contests or galleries of fame but for real users. The positive impact of habit in terms of user experience can be stronger than the wish for revolution. No doubt, the dose of uniqueness is needed, but not so much to knock down the user. In e-commerce UI design, often aimed at quite a diverse target audience, too much of a revolution might scare and provoke hesitations: do I really need to buy this thing, a user may think, if it’s so hard to get it? Study the interaction patterns and typical products for that particular target audience to make their habits their power. And don’t forget to check that all the icons on the screen don’t have a double meaning; support them with text labels where needed. Strive for the balance between innovation and traditions.

Narrowing the focus, we may also talk about the power of habit for a particular e-commerce website. You could have read numerous reviews of the “poor UX design” of this or that e-commerce giant, breathing fire and brimstone into old-fashioned solutions or complex navigation. However, thinking deeper, it’s easy to understand that they activate the power of habit as a major approach of respect to their buyers, as plenty of their customers have been with them for many years. It’s not because they don’t know how to change; it’s because, at some stages of business development, the cost of change may be too high. It doesn’t mean that the changes are never made; they are just not as revolutionary and made in small steps.

Product page above-the-fold view on Etsy marketplace

Scannability and Skimmability

It’s already well-known that when coming to a website or app, users don’t usually read and observe all the content on the page or screen. Instead, they start with quick scanning to understand if it contains something they need or want. Knowing the eye-tracking models, Gestalt principles, and laws of visual hierarchy, designers and information architects can put the core data and interactive elements into the zones of high and natural visibility. Other factors making product pages scannable are readable typography and enough white space.

There are numerous things that have an impact on decision-making, and harmony is one of them. Eye-tensing color combinations, unreadable or not combining fonts, aggressive background, intrusive pop-ups or animations, annoying sounds, or pages loading for ages – any point of that stuff can spoil the experience quickly, distract users, and move them away, sometimes even without a clear explanation what they didn’t like. Details matter; think over them and organize them well.

First-screen view of the product page on George: due to the light, airy layout, the page looks clean and simple, but at the same time, it’s highly informative even at the stage of fast scanning.  

Dark, elegant, and catchy product page for the neon signs shop, balanced and scannable

Fewer Clicks

If going from page to page or jumping from screen to screen is not a part of the journey into the sales funnel, save every user’s click possible. Too many operations are tiring and annoying, which is a kind of negative emotion. And emotions have a huge impact on user experience and make retaining users much harder. Minimize the number of clicks on the way of choosing and buying whenever it’s possible – this way, you respect the user’s time better than the politest words of thanks. For example, avoid dropdowns for a small number of choices in basic options such as color or model choice.

Product page first-screen view on Sportsdirect website: no information is hidden in dropdown menus, so it’s super easy to scan the availability of models and sizes, the CTA is seen immediately, the number of items is changed easily by typing or manipulating plus/minus controls, arrows show how to see more images, and breadcrumbs help to jump back to choosing other items easily.

Exotic Fruit e-commerce app uses a tab for adding the needed number of products with a simple tap.

The OldNavy product page integrates the section of offered combinations with other items from the website, and it is not just an image to get buyers inspired: on hover, the shopper gets the list of links to items with basic information, which enables them to easily get engaged in further shopping and makes the relevant product accessible quickly.

Social Proof

Social proof is a big factor of impact on the decision-making process in both the physical and digital worlds. It is a psychological and social phenomenon of people copying the actions of others to undertake behavior in a certain situation. This term was introduced by Robert Cialdini in his 1984 book Influence; the concept is also called informational social influence.

In e-commerce, the experience of the previous buyers influences the behavior of the next ones greatly; that’s why ratings, comments, and reviews are needed, especially on mass-market platforms. They help customers feel united with a group of similar buyers, which is easy to feel in the actual store among other shoppers but even more needed in the online shopping experience when you are shopping alone in front of a computer or mobile screen. What’s more, reviews can answer the questions the customer has and, this way, support the positive decision about buying – or prevent from buying the wrong item and having a negative experience.

Here’s the product page on OldNavy: the first screen view, among all other details, includes the social proof showing the rating of the item with the number of people that marked it. Scrolling down, buyers are getting even more engaged: except for relevant products to combine this item with for the perfect outfit, the page uncovers the relevant items other customers looked at and liked, and further customers’ photos and details on reviews.

Interactivity

With more and more buyers online, brands and retailers can analyze more data about their behavior, needs, and wishes and integrate new approaches on that basis. Interactivity that imitates seeing the item from different angles and manipulating it, trying on the clothing or footwear, testing the make-up options on your face, virtually placing the piece of furniture or decor into your room – all that and diversity of other innovations are becoming more and more accessible and affordable due to the creativity, customer experience care, and new technologies. And sure, they help customers to make a decision.

Another vital aspect of interactivity in e-commerce now is personalization and customization, when people can customize their purchase instead of just choosing it from the catalog. Choosing a custom combination of flowers for a bouquet, customizing the burger or pizza with favorite ingredients, collecting a personal outfit or family look instead of just buying ready-made ones – able to add their own personality to the offer, many shoppers feel ready to buy.

Tasty Burger app allowing for creating custom burgers to buy

Mobile Adaptation

Needless to say, there are many daily things people do with their smartphones nowadays, and shopping is becoming one of the top options. Besides, mobile adaptation is among the core web vitals of search engine optimization. If you want an e-commerce website to be googled successfully and let the visitors have a seamless shopping experience from any device, make the product page mobile-friendly and reconsider the layout to make the interface convenient and navigable for mobile devices. Some e-commerce platforms go even further and also invest in creating their native applications for iOS and Android, but for many small businesses, it may appear not affordable or even not reasonable. Anyway, the product page, as well as the rest of the website pages, should be responsive and mobile-friendly, no matter if the native app exists or not.

Minimalistic product page for a fashion brand e-commerce focused on photos, easy choice of color, and responsive to be used on any device

404 Error

With product pages intensively used and often updated, there are different cases of running into an error. People can accidentally mistype a letter in the URL, or the page they saved before may not already exist as the product is already out of stock. Make sure not to let customers come across an empty error page and go away. Connect them to other pages, offer relevant options or categories, and do everything to take advantage of the error page involving a customer to check something else.

404 error page for a fashion e-commerce website

Bottom Line

Sure, the decision on the design practices to choose for a particular e-commerce project is a matter of thorough thinking, and the solutions on what to use and what to leave will be based on many subjective factors, from the type of product and market segment to the company budget, employers’ skills, individual tastes and specific needs of the target audience. The approach to mass-market e-commerce differs from the approach to a narrow niche. The approach to various generations of customers will be different.

Yet, all the practices mentioned above won’t work properly if the major condition of the commercial world is not followed, which is: the product should be good above everything else. All the other steps, investments, and practices make sense if the website sells quality goods and makes a website or app its channel of sales, not the place of lies and tricks.  Anyway, if the products you offer are good and the customer is already on the website, let the product page show the item in its best light and help the shopper to feel it like home, convenient, clear, and friendly.

Useful Articles

Here’s a bunch of articles to dive deeper into the themes of e-commerce, web usability, and user experience design.

UX Design for E-Commerce: Principles and Strategies

11 Profitable Strategies for E-Commerce UI Design

The Role of Branding in UI Design

Business-Oriented Design. Know Your Target

Product Page Design Inspiration: 17 Ecommerce Web Designs

Design for Business: User-Friendly Way to Profits

Two Types of User Motivation: Design to Satisfy

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Content

Web Design: 16 Basic Types of Web Pages

Error Screens and Messages: UX Design Practices

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение Product Page Design: Best Practices on UX for Ecommerce появились сначала на Design4Users.

What Are Breadcrumbs

Breadcrumbs are navigation elements used mostly in web design and supporting users in a journey around the website. Due to breadcrumbs, users get aware of where they are on the website and can get used to the website structure easier, which means that breadcrumbs present a tool for better wayfinding. Yet, breadcrumbs don’t replace the primary navigation menu; they present the secondary level of navigation and increase website usability in case it has lots of pages.

Breadcrumbs on the product page on Amazon

Why such a funny name is used for this interactive element? If you think it resembles something from a fairytale rather than from design terminology, you are right. The term echoes Grimm Brothers’ tale about Hansel and Gretel: in it, the characters used breadcrumbs to mark the way home and not get lost. On the web, it works the same way: breadcrumbs visualize the path or the users’ journey from the perspective of the website hierarchy. That’s why they are also called a breadcrumb trail.

Types of Breadcrumbs

As for classification, there are three basic types of breadcrumbs:

Location-based: they show the visitors where they are according to a website hierarchy, usually applied to websites with complex navigation schemes consisting of multiple levels.

Image source

Attribute-based: they show the visitors the trail of attributes of the page they are on.

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Path-based: these show the visitors the trail of steps they took to arrive on the page they are on. This type is often referred to as less effective compared to previous ones and is not recommended to apply.

Why Use Breadcrumbs

Among the benefits of breadcrumbs as a navigation element, we would mention the following.

• increased findability: the more complex is the website architecture, the more content it has, the better organized it should be to be found quickly. Breadcrumbs give users another touchpoint to the content and help to understand the structure of the website easier
• fewer clicks needed: with breadcrumbs, website visitors can jump from one level of the hierarchy to any previous step with no effort and no need to take all the way back, which means it takes fewer clicks and transitions to reach the page they want
• effective use of screen space: crafted well, breadcrumbs take a narrow horizontal line with plain-looking text elements that don’t need much space, so users get navigated but designers have no need to overload the page
• no misinterpretation: breadcrumbs present the element which is hardly ever misunderstood by users: the behavior pattern for them has solidified through years and people rarely mistake this element for anything else
• lower bounce rate: breadcrumbs are great support for first-time visitors or people that have no everyday experience of dealing with complex websites, so the more confident they feel the slimmer are the chances of them bouncing the page. What’s more, it’s an effective way of engagement for the users directed to a particular landing page: seeing it as a part of the bigger structure shown via breadcrumbs, users can get interested in jumping to other pages and seeing more.

Minimalist product page by tubik for an e-commerce website uses breadcrumbs to follow the typical mental model users expect and help them with quick navigation.

Design Practices for Breadcrumbs

Here’s a bunch of UX design tips and practices that can help to master breadcrumbs as a supportive and handy element of web navigation. Bear in mind that none of these practices is a cure-all to apply for any website: the examples below show you how different products approach this navigation element to cover their priorities.

Don’t use breadcrumbs as the primary navigation

The key rule of thumb for breadcrumbs is using them as an addition to major navigation. They shouldn’t be seen and used as a replacement for global navigation, usually found in the website header or menu. Instead, they support and amplify primary navigation.

Place breadcrumbs above the H1 heading

The most common place where users expect to find breadcrumbs and where they work effectively as a part of the general layout is above the H1 heading. It may be the name of the category, the product, the article’s title, etc. Sure, not all the pages have visually defined H1 headings; in this case, designers find the most appropriate place, typically in the top part of the layout.

For instance, on the George website, the product page features the classic approach to the breadcrumbs: they are placed right above the H1 heading, with a slight line used as a visual divider between them. However, on the category page, which doesn’t have an obvious H1 title, the breadcrumbs just keep at the same position at the layout, below the top navigation, and visual dividers help to clearly separate the trail from other navigation elements and filters.

Consider starting a breadcrumb trail with a link to the home page

Noticeable and easy-to-reach link to the home page that allows the user to jump to the website’s main page from any point of the journey is still an essential part of web navigation. Although more and more users are getting used to the pattern when the logo featured in the website header is clickable and helps to jump to the home page, there are still many those for whom this flow is not obvious. As the breadcrumbs let users quickly define the website hierarchy and their current position in it, it’s logical to start the trail from the main page of the website.

However, if there is a text link to the home page in the primary navigation, for instance, in the header, you don’t need to double it in the breadcrumbs.

As well, in the case of a polyhierarchical website, you may want to concentrate users’ attention on a particular level or category instead of sending them to the home page. For example, Uniqlo starts the trail from the name of the major category user is browsing at the moment, letting the logo in the top left corner do the job of moving visitors to the home page.

Make the current location look non-clickable (or don’t show it)

There are two different approaches to the last item of the breadcrumb trail: you may show the name of the current page or finish it with the previous step, which means that the current page’s name isn’t shown at all. Whatever your choice, make sure that all the elements cover a particular goal and help users. If you suppose that adding the current location to the breadcrumbs is necessary to support usability, make it clear that it’s not clickable and thus looks different from the interactive elements. For the mobile experience, it’s better not to show the current location at all, as the screen space is very limited.

On the contrary, for all the other elements of the breadcrumb trail, make it obvious that they look clickable and are clickable.

Example of a breadcrumb trail on the Walmart website

Clearly separate the elements

One of the most popular separating symbols for the elements of the breadcrumb trails is the symbol “greater than” (>), which typically defines hierarchy and features the movement from the parent category to the child category. Other frequently used symbols are slash (/), right-angle quotation mark (»), and arrow to the right (→). So, designers do have what to choose from, don’t they? Some also separate breadcrumbs with the color putting them into the colored tabs that imitate the line of elements, each colored in a different shade.

Mind readability and white space

As well as for any text element, the primary goal of breadcrumbs is to make the information packed in written form perceived and absorbed easily and in no time. So, take care of making them highly readable rather than decorative. And make sure there is enough space between the elements so that it is easy to read them, visually separate the pieces of text, and click.

A clear and unobtrusive breadcrumb trail on the Google Support website

Show the website hierarchy instead of the interaction history

Unlike the fairytale characters who used breadcrumbs to mark all their way, web designers would do much more effectively turning to show users the clear hierarchy of the pages instead of all the way they got through to reach this page. Such an approach will always look more logical and, furthermore, will clarify the clear and simple path back for the visitor who could get lost otherwise. What’s more, in this case, breadcrumbs don’t work at all for users who landed on a particular page and didn’t take any steps yet.

As Jacob Nielsen mentioned in his article, “a history trail can also be confusing: users often wander in circles or go to the wrong site sections. Having each point in a confusing progression at the top of the current page doesn’t offer much help.”

Don’t clutter the page with too many elements

What if the breadcrumb trail gets too long? Sure, it won’t be good to overload the page, especially at the secondary navigation level. In the case of the too long breadcrumb trail, some of them in the middle can be hidden behind the ellipsis. But never hide the first and the last element so as not to break the logic.

In his article about breadcrumbs, Alex Zlatkus recommends not to let breadcrumbs take more than half of the page and think about such a shortening with an ellipsis inside when the trails get more than 5 items.

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Sure, the final decision is up to the designers of the particular project. It should be based on usability testing, as there can be different creative design solutions that allow for organizing longer breadcrumb trails effectively.

Don’t emphasize breadcrumbs visually in the webpage layout

If you feel the urge to find a super bright and catchy solution for the breadcrumbs, consider refocusing that on the other object of the web page layout. Breadcrumbs are not the primer violin in this show; that’s not the goal behind them, so keep them stylish but moderate. No need for bright accents, bigger sizes, and impressive fonts – breadcrumbs should just provide the secondary level of wayfinding, not scream into users’ faces distracting them from more important things that solve users’ problems.

For example, the OldNavy website uses super minimalist and non-distractive breadcrumbs placed in the top left corner right below the header with primary navigation, this way sticking to a common left-to-right reading and scanning pattern. That makes breadcrumbs almost unnoticed when you don’t need them but easily found when needed.

Don’t use multiple lines of breadcrumbs on mobile

The most precious asset of any mobile app screen is space. So, optimizing your website for mobile, take special care about that aspect: if the breadcrumbs trail is just copied from the website to mobile, it may take several lines, and this way snips off the big part of the limited screen space. So, by that, you get into the higher risk that some critical elements, for example, the name of the product on the product page or the introductory text, won’t be seen at once just due to the lack of space.

Don’t apply breadcrumbs to the websites with a flat or simple hierarchy

As well as with internal website search, breadcrumbs are needed and helpful in cases when the website has multiple pages and a complex hierarchy consisting of multiple layers. Breadcrumbs are common – and expected by users – in big e-commerce websites and platforms, media and news websites, blogs, and magazines covering a wide range of topics, etc. If that’s not your case and your website has a simple hierarchy, primary navigation will be enough to let the users effectively interact with it.

Example of a breadcrumb trail on the California State University website

Breadcrumbs present the perfect example of how much details matter in user experience design for the web. Being far from primary and critical functionality but approached thoughtfully and crafted well, this interaction element can contribute much to making interactions easier and user-centered. Nevertheless, think twice and test twice before deciding upon them, as there may be more effective secondary navigation options to solve a particular task for a certain project.

Useful Articles

Here’s a bunch of articles to dive deeper into the theme of web usability and user experience design.

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Content

The Anatomy of a Web Page: 14 Basic Elements

UX Design: How to Make Web Interface Scannable

How to Design Effective Search

Web Design: 16 Basic Types of Web Pages

Directional Cues in User Interfaces

Negative Space in Design: Tips and Best Practices

Error Screens and Messages: UX Design Practices

From Zero to Hero: Look at Hero Images in Web Design

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение Web Design Usability: How To Use Breadcrumbs появились сначала на Design4Users.

What Is Interface Error

Interface error is the state or condition when the app cannot do what the user wants. It usually happens in three typical cases:

• the app fails to do what’s requested (literally, like there is no such technical possibility or function)
• the app cannot understand the input from the user (or the input is invalid)
• the user tries to combine operations that cannot work together (that usually happens because the user isn’t aware of the processes inside the app)

Sure, errors present a kind of annoying or even frustrating part of the user experience. Yet, there is no way to avoid them, so designers, developers, and UX writers have to think about ways to make that kind of interaction more user-friendly and smooth. Why is that important? Because, as well as in real life, virtual mistakes make a significant psychological impact and form a negative emotional background. For example, the research measuring the psychological stress caused by smartphone interactions showed a direct connection between appearing error messages and the level of cortisol, a known biomarker of stress. It can increase anxiety feeling and provoke a user to stop trying to interact with the product before they even start analyzing what’s the reason. So, let’s see what to do with those situations.

This is what the error of filling out the subscription form on Tubik Blog website looks

Best UX Practices for Errors

Errors are like fights: the best one is the one that never happened. There are different strategies for error prevention, like tooltips, prompts, tutorials, directional cues, suggestions, highlights, limitations, and the like. Yet, what should you do with users that already experience the error? Let’s cover some points that are effective in designing errors that wouldn’t make the user instantly turn their back to your app.

Make the error instantly noticeable

It may seem obvious, but don’t get tricked by it: what seems obvious has to be thought about twice. The worst thing that may happen about the error is when the user is totally uninformed about what’s going on and gets lost in the process. Be always honest with the user, and don’t try to mask the error. Even if the interface is super minimalist and any alien inclusion hurts your perfectionist designer’s eye and soul. Beauty doesn’t matter if it doesn’t work.

For example, if the user is filling the form made of 10 different fields, don’t just inform them that the form is not filled correctly, don’t make them search from one field to another where they made a mistake, and don’t hope they will do it. Make the field with a mistake super visible and save users’ energy and time.

Use well-recognized visual markers

Knowing mental models and well-known patterns of user behavior, user experience designers can reduce the cognitive load. That’s particularly essential in error situations that are quite unpleasant by default. Error screens and messages may not be the best place for experiments, so consider markers that are quickly recognized by most users. The red color and exclamation marks are still among the most popular ways to attract users’ attention to errors. Yet, be careful using the color as the only way to mark the error: check if it works for color-blind users. Also, mind the high level of readability on different devices.

Here’s how the registration error is marked on ArtStation: the system marks the field with color and explains the issue with a text prompt.

Explain what happened

Whatever the reason for the error, you may feel the urge not to explain anything, just to proceed with solving the issue. And that’s a mistake. Firstly, you risk getting a user back in this error situation again and again as they don’t understand what is wrong with their actions or app response. Secondly, we’ve already mentioned that errors literally provoke a psychological state of anxiety, and you may not predict if this error becomes a part of the wrong interaction pattern. So, be sure to find a way to quickly explain the nature of the error and keep users informed. For instance, instead of just informing (“You cannot log in to the app”), make the message explanatory like (“The username or password do not match”).

Don’t add more actions than needed

Another thing you may feel like doing is putting all the errors on separate pages or pop-up windows to make them as catchy as possible. Don’t overplay with it: in most cases, it’s enough just to make a color contrast marker in the interactive zone instead of popping up the additional modal window with the message requiring another unnecessary click to get the user back to the same page. Imagine that you are filling in the registration form and get that kind of pop-up for errors; no doubt, you will hate it very fast. Don’t make your users experience that: aim at providing inline validation and keep the message close to the field in error.

Yet, a pop-up window will be helpful if the user needs to be redirected to another page because of the error. So, for each case, take into account all pros and cons and target your solutions well.

This is how the error is marked on the Tubik website when the user tries to complete sending the contact form without adding an email.

Write simply

It’s crucial to make the error message as simple and clear as possible. Clear for the target user, not for the designers or developers creating that product. Avoid special terminology and jargon which you may use with QA engineers, for example (Like “Error 4.7 occurred” or “syntax error happened”). Don’t use long, complex sentences. Don’t make long and ornate introductions; it’s not the best place for them. Go quick to the point and make it decent.

Don’t blame a user

There’s an easy way to make a bad situation even worse: just tell the users that they are not clever enough to interact with this app, and that is why the errors happen. Offensive, isn’t it? Whatever form you wrap this message in, it will hurt the user who is already worried about things going not the way they wanted. So, don’t blame a user, be polite, friendly, and helpful; that’s important for setting the right emotional background of the situation. Try using clear instructions instead of blaming: for example, say, “Enter the valid email address” instead of “You’ve entered the invalid email address.”

Be constructive

Informing the user about the error in the right way is not enough: whatever friendly information you got lost, it isn’t super worthy if you don’t know what to do next. So, be quick to let the user know how to solve the issue. Some of the popular practices are the following:

• If that’s a web interface, give the options to move to other pages of the website, first of all, the home page
• In the mobile interface, make it easy to take a step back or quickly connect to the spot of the error
• In case of complex forms and processes, do it for each step instead of at the end of all the processes

This 404 page of the fashion brand’s e-commerce website gives the visitor various options to jump to, marking the ability to get back to the home page as the main call-to-action

Consider using images and icons

It’s not a secret that people perceive and decode images faster than words. So, thoughtful use of an icon or image on the error screen can make communication faster, saving the users’ energy and a good mood. What’s more, images have a big potential for emotional appeal, which can reduce the tension of dealing with an error.

404 error page for the ShipDaddy website uses funny mascot animation integrating brand graphics into the web interactions and making the error page smoothened with fun.

Test and analyze

Don’t have an illusion that work on error presentation is finished with the UI/UX design stage of the project. It never stops because feedback from real users is the best way to improve user flow. A/B test different options, analyze carefully what are the most vulnerable zones and interactions, and use the findings to prevent errors where possible and smoothen the process where mistakes are unavoidable.

Add fun if that’s appropriate

The page or screen of error messages can use gamification, interactive content, or other ways to add fun, and this way reduces the negative effect. One of the good examples is the 404 page on Dribbble: as its target audience is designers, the resource uses their natural creative curiosity to add fun to the error situation, so users can see the collection of popular designs organized along with a similar color palette. On the page, users can continue the game and try other colors or search for what they need using the search field integrated into the error page.

Well-Done Errors Checklist

So, to sum up, well-crafted errors would rather stick to the following points:

• readable and clear
• easily noticed
• constructive
• effort-saving
• polite and friendly
• reasonably emotional

Useful Articles

Here’s a set of articles on more aspects and best practices of user experience design.

How To Use Visual Dividers in User Interfaces

How To Make Text Improve User Experience: Insights Into UX Writing

How to Design User Onboarding

Directional Cues in User Interfaces

How to Make User Interface Readable

Basic Types of Buttons in User Interfaces

Negative Space in Design: Practices and Tips

Big Little Details: 7 Helpful Elements of Web Usability

Types of Contrast in User Interface Design

5 Pillars of Effective Landing Page Design

Meaningful Error: 404 Page Design. Inspiration for Page Not Found

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение UX Design Practices for Error Screens and Messages появились сначала на Design4Users.

The niche e-commerce website for the water brand uses different atmospheric videos to make the user experience positive and emotional.

Types of Video Content in Interfaces

People are overloaded daily with tons of diverse information coming from various channels. So, make no mistake, most visitors to a website or users of a mobile application aren’t going to spend much time learning about products or services, especially the new ones. In these conditions, video can become another effective way of communication, informative, dynamic, and attractive.

A catchy video crafted with an understanding of the target audience is a tool for attracting customers’ attention as well as a well-checked method of informing them quickly and brightly. Video content activates several channels of perception – audio, visual, motion – simultaneously, and usually does that wrapped in telling a story. Such a combination of factors often makes a video presentation strong, emotional, and memorable.

Hero section video used as a part of the home page for the gardening company website

Content and Goals Perspective

From the perspective of the content packed in motion and the goals set behind it, there are several popular types of videos we can often come across on different websites and applications.

Welcome (introduction) video: these are videos mostly used on websites, especially company and portfolio websites. This video usually aims at welcoming and greeting visitors and introducing a company, service, or person in a friendly and lively manner. Another option is the “about” video created to tell more about the company, people working for it, mission, achievements, etc. Videos of this kind should be quite short, concise, and telling a visitor the core information that could engage them to see more.

Promotional (commercial) video: this type of video rooting in TV commercials and movie trailers. It’s created to inform people about a product, service, event, brand or company, new release or premiere, major updates of the product, and so on, and so forth, in a way that encourages people to learn more, buy, or join in. It’s a video playing a big part in increasing brand awareness and focused on getting the target audience aware of the offer and its benefits.

Promotional video presenting Carricare brand

Showcase (showreel) video: that’s another type of video coming from the movie industry. It’s a video showcasing a set of previous works by a person or company. This one is usually quite long, about 2-3 minutes, and is often used as an impressive addition to the portfolio of people representing various creative spheres like design, animation, filmmaking, acting, modeling, marketing, and the like.

Tubik showreel videos

Short showcase video giving a glance at the icon design project for HUAWEI EMUI 10

Showcase video for the case study about the design process for the Glup delivery application

Video testimonial: these videos share the feedback from buyers and users, show them describing their experience with the brand, product, or company, this way sharing the signs of trust and loyalty and contributing to positive brand image and reputation.

Background video: this kind of video is used as a part of website design when the background of a page is chosen not to be static. As technical improvements in web development don’t stop, video backgrounds and any other kind of video integration into web pages aren’t seen as a great challenge anymore. So, web designers often turn to full-screen videos as a way to capture people’s attention, create the needed atmosphere, and give an instant glance at the product or service.

Background videos on the landing page promoting the mindfulness application.

Mywony website design uses full-screen video setting the instant connection to the nature of the product

Website for the editorial about insomnia uses a background video to instantly set the mood

Product video: these pieces of video are widely used as a part of the e-commerce user experience, in particular on product pages and landing pages, to give details about the product’s features and advantages, and inform customers about the problem-solving potential of the product.

Pet Shop website uses video content to demonstrate the products they offer in the proper environment and the way to connect faster to buyer’s needs

Hero section video: that’s another kind of web page video that is used as a part of the hero section, which is the above-the-fold part of the web page, often the home page, that includes a prominent and attractive piece of content, be it an image, video, text, slider or other elements. Choosing a video for the hero section, designers often breathe life into it, make it dynamic and strengthen its emotional appeal.

Hero video for PointZero25 event agency website

Hero section video used on the confectionery website home page

Video guides and tutorials: these are classic how-to videos. They present video instructions of a different kind showing the step-by-step process of interacting with a product, a piece of information (for example, a recipe), etc.

Explainer video: basically, this video explains to the visitor what the website, app, product, company, or service is about, and often answers the most frequent questions that may arise about it. Being a part of branding strategy, it is focused on presenting the benefits of the product or service and explanation about how to. It often employs storytelling showing the flow of interaction or sharing particular cases and situations, and infographics helping to understand the effect quickly.

Explainer video for OffCents

Entertaining videos: these videos are more about fun rather than information. Their main goal is to encourage emotional feedback and make it connected to a particular product, brand, or company. What’s more, videos of this kind have a high virality potential as having fun; visitors may want to share it with their friends or audience in social networks, this way spreading a word about the brand.

Educational videos: these videos usually become a part of educational platforms and can present a diversity of content, from specially crafted models explaining the processes to videos of wildlife or people doing different jobs.

Educational videos about wildlife integrated into the Nature Encyclopedia app

Design and Technical Realization Perspective

From the perspective of how it’s made, we could mention such common types of video content for UI design:

Live-action videos: these videos are closest to the classic filming process and feature real people, objects, or locations. Their major benefit is a strong collection with real life that has the great power of setting associations and encouraging viewers’ empathy.

Atmospheric live-action video as a part of the home page hero section for the Lumen Museum website

Example of a live-action video combining human talk and visual demonstrations

Fitness application using video tutorials on how to do exercises

Screencast videos: this video type captures the screen this way, showing particular processes. It is especially effective for various tutorials and product videos presenting digital products and software.

Screencast video capturing the illustration process in Procreate

Live-action screencast videos: as it’s clear from the name, this type presents a combination of two previous types. In this case, viewers can simultaneously see what is going on the screen and the person giving explanations.

Animation (cartoon) videos: these videos are very close to cartoons, which means that they present the animated sequence of many still images that can be presented in a variety of visual styles: 2D (flat), 3D (having dimension and depth), and stop-motion (capturing individual frames and combining them in a sequence).

Animated video created as visual storytelling support for the article about gamification in UI design

Motion graphics videos: these ones are based on animated graphic elements, for example, shapes or text, aimed at catching attention, impressing, and setting the theme, but not employing storytelling. They also become a great help in cases when complex or abstract information should be visualized in a way that is easy to understand.

Motion graphics video background for digital transformation agency

Ecommerce website design using impressive motion graphics video for the home page hero section

Photomontage videos: this video type imitates a slideshow, combining a set of photos in an animated sequence that can be supported by special effects, voice-over, or music. This type can work effectively to present various events, charities, or social issues, tell about companies, mark achievements and milestones, and the like.

Whiteboard videos: this is a captivating type of video, where the story, guide, or information flow is unveiled as a picture drawn step-by-step on the whiteboard.

Typographic videos: this is a type of video based on moving text. It helps to make text content perform in a more dynamic and emotional way and engage users that are not keen on reading static text content not to miss core messages. In most cases, it is supported by the voice-over or sound accompaniment enhancing the message.

360-degree (immersive) videos: trendy and getting more and more popular, this type of video records a view in all directions at the same time, this way allowing the viewer to get the full panoramic view. These are, in particular, effectively used as a part of the shopping or booking user experience.

Functions of Video in UX Design

Being a type of content that is quite complex in production and often needing much effort for smooth integration, videos in user interfaces are often in question. However, there are different functions they can cover, often better and faster than other types of content. So, by analyzing the target audience and business goals and considering these functions, designers and creative teams make a decision if they need a video and, if yes, what type is better for their objectives and budget. Let’s take a quick glance at them.

Information

The core factor in making video content considered a part of the user interface is making the information flow clear and easier to perceive. In many cases, a short 1-minute piece of video can share a chunk of information that would take far more time from the visitor reading it in text or trying to understand it from screenshots, mockups, and the like. That is a basic reason why various explainers, tutorials, and guides work well in video format.

No doubt, background videos applied to many web pages or screens now make them visually and emotionally appealing as well as informative, as the image instantly captures users’ attention much faster this way. Also, it supports the feeling of the integrity of all the layout elements.

An explainer video on the home page of Credentially website is placed in the above-the-fold area and lets visitors quickly check the benefits of the service

Atmospheric video integrated into the museum website design concept quickly gives visitors a glance at it in a realistic and dynamic way

Demonstration and Presentation

One of the strongest points of video content is the ability to demonstrate products or services using all the channels of perception at the same time. If visitors are interested, watching the video, they can consume quite a lot of information in a very short time without the need to scroll, read, see the pictures, and keep all those different pieces of information in mind in the process. As the human attention span is quite short, video often allows for using it effectively and gets higher chances of visitors’ engagement and website conversions. For instance, explainer videos or product videos allow for catching how to deal with it while the visitor is on the wave of interest. As well, for services that are focused on visual outcomes like design, advertising, illustration, art, modeling, and so on, well-crafted showcase videos can become the fastest way to the future client’s heart.

Video demonstrating Fitness App interactions

Short videos used instead of static images to demonstrate the options of models on niche accessories website lets customers learn more about the product and get a positive impression

Video demonstration of the product in the Drink Recipe application helps to impress users and supports the atmosphere of a bar or restaurant

Storytelling

Another strong point of video content is its ability to tell a story in a smooth and engaging way, according to the laws and techniques of visual storytelling, supported with voice narration or music enhancing that effect. People like stories: they clarify things, illustrate situations, are often fun and aesthetic, they are often easier to perceive and remember. In most cases, videos based on storytelling feature a plot that moves through 3 basic phases: showing pain points, activating emotions, and offering the solution.

Promotional video for the cleaning service tells an illustrated story using cute characters and sharing positive vibes

The video version of the case study on design for the Annual Awwwards 2020 website

Atmosphere

As well as images, many videos integrated into UI are super powerful in setting the needed atmosphere, which is a part of customer experience with the offered service, product, place, or event. This way, it pushes demonstration to a higher level, letting the visitor catch the vibe in split seconds. That’s one of the reasons why immersive videos are getting more and more popular and demanded.

The background video for the home page of the agricultural holding website impresses with the atmosphere from the first minute

The hero section video of the website for forest camping creates the needed cozy atmosphere from the very start of interaction with the website

The atmospheric hero section video on the winter holiday website shares the views of the destinations users can travel to, and this way lets them get stunned and dive into the mood instantly

Emotion

Whatever logical and clever people are, many of our decisions are partly or fully based on emotions, not only facts. “I feel it,” “I like it,” “I want it” – aren’t these reasons often stronger than any logic, calculations, and analysis? Video content is often a good way to cover that point: as it employs multiple perception channels and can collect various factors of influence together in a time-saving concentrated piece, the chances it sets the emotional connection to the audience get much higher.

Hero section video for a horse riding club sets strong emotional appeal

Archive video added to the article devoted to the historical period strengthens the emotional appeal of the page

Points to Consider

Loading Time

This is a core thing to consider when you decide upon video integration into the website or application. This issue requires a thoughtful approach from developers and thorough testing. That’s especially vital for the web pages that are expected to attract much organic traffic but can be downgraded in search results just because the loading time of the page is too long while the bounce rate is high as some visitors won’t wait long to see the page and will just move away. Think twice, consider technical options, and do your best to test that aspect. Otherwise, there won’t be much effect from even a very well-crafted video if it’s not even got a chance to be seen.

Contrast Issue

Integration of video content, especially full-screen backgrounds well-spread these days, requires much skill and effort to find the right contrast and hierarchy of elements and integrate the navigation and text content properly so that the page wouldn’t turn into an illegible mess. Test the contrast on various screens, devices, and in different environments to make sure it doesn’t spoil general readability and doesn’t break navigation leaving users lost in all that beauty.

Other Ways to Communicate

Make no mistake; video content is not a cure-all or a magic wand, as it could seem from everything mentioned above. Not all people like videos. Not all of them, interacting with your website or app, find themselves in conditions that are convenient for watching a video. So, don’t make the video your only way of communicating with visitors or customers. Support it with other ways of communication, like text and images. Otherwise, you risk losing a part of the audience just because video as a way of getting information is not comfortable for them. The “Show, don’t tell” rule may work, but the “show and tell” works better in this case.

Manipulations

Take care of allowing a visitor to manipulate the video where it’s needed, especially if it’s long and heavy. Think twice about using autoplay, as it may appear less convenient for your audience than the ability to control if they want to watch a video or not. Make sure that the user can control the volume of the sound part as audio autoplay as soon as the web page or screen is loaded is reported to be one of the most annoying aspects of the user experience. Put shortly, consider all the basic manipulations that will allow users to feel more confident with the video content in your web or mobile product.

Mobile Adaptation

What looks well on a desktop or TV, may not work at all on a much smaller mobile screen. As more and more digital interactions of different kinds move to mobile these days, this aspect should also be well-considered and tested for all types of content, including videos. Make sure that it looks clear and legible and is well-adjusted to the mobile screen of any kind.

Mobile adaptation for a niche e-commerce website selling accessories

Sure, that’s only the tip of the iceberg in such a deep and diverse issue as video implementation into user experience design, so we’re going to share more examples, UX practices, and tips about it. Anyway, this article may help UX designers, marketing specialists, and businesses to take into account the different benefits and pitfalls of using video content on websites and mobile apps. Stay tuned, and don’t miss the updates!

Useful Reading

For those, who want to dive deeper into the topic, here’s a list of handy articles:

UX Design: Types of Interactive Content Amplifying Engagement

Photo Content in User Interfaces: When and How It Works

Aesthetic Usability: Beauty on Duty for User Experience

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Content

Motion in UX Design: 6 Effective Types of Web Animation

Types of Contrast in User Interface Design

5 Pillars of Effective Landing Page Design

How to Improve Website Scannability

The Anatomy of a Web Page: Basic Elements

How to Design Effective Search

Web Design: 16 Basic Types of Web Pages

Videos as Instructional Content: User Behaviors and UX Guidelines

Step-by-Step Guide to Custom Promo Video Design

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение UX Design: How Video Content Can Enhance User Experience появились сначала на Design4Users.

What Is Internal Search

Internal search is the function of browsing the content inside the website or app and showing it to the user according to his or her search query. Tuned correctly, it shows the relevant content and this way provides the shortcut to what the user needs. Thus, the internal search saves the user’s time and effort, amplifies the usability and desirability of the digital product, supports user retention, and increases conversion rates. Easy to see that this element is vital.

The interactive element responsible for the internal search in the user interface is a search field. A search field, which is also called a search box or search bar, presents the interface element that enables a user to type in the search query and this way find the pieces of content that are needed.

Physica Magazine website features the search control in the header

When to Use Internal Search

Whatever great you find the navigation of your interface, if your website or app is made of 50+ pages, it’s high time you considered applying the internal search. Well-designed and easily found search field enables the user to jump to the necessary point without browsing through the numerous pages and menus. This approach is a common pattern of user behavior now, it respects the user’s time and effort, so it is highly demanded in user-friendly interfaces.

The home page of the BlockStock website features a big search field in the above-the-fold area to let users quickly find the Minecraft assets they want

Why is it important to have a search inside? Earlier the recommendations about applying the internal search started from 100-200 pages on the website, but now we find them outdated a bit. Modern users are spoilt with a variety of choices and options offered by a constantly growing number of resources on the Web and in the app stores. If a visitor has already come to your website, your task is to give them what they want as soon as possible. And in most cases, users (especially those led by external search engines) come to a resource with a specific goal or query and without the wish to spend much time looking for it. Search enables them to make their journey focused and effective.

The Crypto Blog makes a search control one of the core CTA elements on the page: placed in the website header, it features the form of a clickable button, uses the well-known search icon and the textual explanation together, so that it was super fast for users to find it.

In case you have a single-page website, if your app or website is concise and not heavily packed with content, an internal search is not needed. Well-thought navigation will be enough, for example, for a corporate or portfolio website highlighting core information and services.

However, designing search usability, don’t make the opposite mistake: don’t prioritize search over navigation in a user interface. Based on everything mentioned above, designers may think that search is the best and only interactive element worth their attention. And that’s a big mistake. Although many users do try getting closer to their aim via search, there are also others who may have problems with search interactions. For example, they don’t know a language well enough to form the correct query, it’s not convenient for them to type something in, or they just hate thinking over the textual queries and they would prefer to follow the already existing navigation and cues rather than the cognitive load of communicating to the system via the search.

Take that into account and strive for a good balance of navigation and search.

The ecommerce platform selling insects features the open search field in the header

Core Features of Effective Search

There are different nuances of making the search interactions clear and intuitive, yet the three features below are core points to consider for the internal search:

• it should be instantly visible
• it should be clear as a search functionality
• it should show relevant content

The tea e-commerce website includes the search control in the header, which is sticky and easily reached from any point of interaction

UX Design Practices for Search

Give textual prompts and auto-filling

Textual prompts are a good way to give users a hint about the interactivity and functionality of a particular interface element. The classical example everyone knows is the Google search that offers you the options as soon as you are inputting your query. This way you reduce the time of filling in the search field and let the user start actual interaction with the content quicker. Of course, it is quite logical to tune auto-filling according to the most popular and relevant queries.

The search in Tubik Blog opens a minimalistic new page blurring the blog home page as a background. The user gets the big search field with a text prompt “Type to search” and pulsing cursor showing that the form is interactive. Also, there are clickable tags with popular queries.

Search screen of the education courses app

Offer the options immediately

The flow of interaction can also be supported with the dropdown menu offering possible options while the user is typing the query. Going further from auto-filling, these can be fully-featured preview snippets of the relevant shop items, news, blog articles, etc.

Search interactions for Calorie Calculator App

Use filters to tune search

In case of very high content intensity on the website (imagine Amazone with thousands of items), even a quite well-crafted search query may be not enough as it will bring out too many options in search results. In this case, filters can support the interaction flow and allow users to tune their search better: for example, on the e-commerce platform, the filters can narrow down the search results according to price range, specific brands, particular characteristics of the product, and so on.

Here’s what search filters look like on Walmart website: the page of search results has a sidebar on the left to allow users to narrow down the list of options with the fine-tuning

One more option is integrating additional tuning right in the search field. For example, the search field on Amazon uses the built-in dropdown menu of core categories of goods, so you can start searching inside a specific section right from the search.

Filters also work really well in mobile search interactions as they are easily tuned and save time and effort in finding the perfect item.

Here’s how Kaiten food marketplace website and application use filters to help users tune their search process

The flower store mobile application uses a noticeable search field on the top of the screen and makes the search process tuned with filters

Recipe app filters interaction designed to tune the search among the hundreds of recipe options in the mobile app.

So, internal search is an element of high importance to provide website visitors or app users with a good user experience. Make it intuitive, use the power of habits, consider the points above to improve the search experience of your user interface, and strive for a good balance of search and all the other navigation. And don’t forget to analyze the internal search result: they will tell you what the users need and look for on your resource.

Useful Articles

Here’s the set of articles on more aspects and best practices of user experience design.

Error Screens and Messages: UX Design Practices

Visual Dividers in User Interfaces: Types and Design Tips

How to Design User Onboarding

Directional Cues in User Interfaces

How to Make User Interface Readable

Basic Types of Buttons in User Interfaces

Negative Space in Design: Practices and Tips

How to Make Web Interface Scannable

UI/UX Design Glossary: Navigation Elements

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение How to Design Search in User Interfaces: Tips and Practices появились сначала на Design4Users.

Pottery website design

Product or Service Demonstration

Obviously, photos present the major tool for the visual presentation of goods on e-commerce websites where the principle “you get what you see” is a vital part of success. As long as you sell something physical, the customer expects to see it by default; that’s really the case when the picture is worth a thousand words. For shopping online, the quality and style of photos are crucial as they often become the main trigger capturing the customer’s eye as well as one of the key elements in the decision-making process under conditions you cannot see and touch the real goods.

Other vital aspects of using photos effectively as a part of e-commerce experience and brand presentation are originality and consistency. To stand out from the crowd of competitors, online stores need their photos to look unique, memorable, and instantly transfer the brand image. That’s why regular photo shootings are an integral part of e-commerce reality. Depending on the target audience, different stores choose different approaches to photo presentation: some make it friendly, informal, and as close to real-life as possible, while others present their goods in original surroundings or model-posing; some resources prefer studio shots others take photos in special environments. Whatever the approach, an essential aspect is staying consistent in it to make it recognizable and so that website or app visitors can feel it like a pattern and didn’t handle too much cognitive load. As well, a consistent approach to the cross-platform photo presentation of the brand photo content in different marketing channels, such as social networks, advertising banners, newsletters, etc., sets a strong visual connection and helps shoppers recognize the brand whenever they see it.

A consistent approach to a visual photo presentation of the items on the e-commerce website for a fashion brand

Anyway, the photos should demonstrate the stuff from different angles and perspectives, especially on product pages. Another thing to keep in mind is that items photographed on models or in the proper environments have more chances to draw customers’ attention and look more convincing. It doesn’t mean that object photography doesn’t work, yet in most cases, seeing an outfit on a model, a toy in the hands of a kid, or a set of dishes on the served table lets the buyer easily imagine it looks and see its benefits. So, quite often, e-commerce platforms combine both types of photo presentation: a clean object photo with no distractions as well as its photo on a model or in the surroundings of use.

Certainly, it works the same way to demonstrate the services that can be visualized with photos.

Website for a massage services company

Creative approach to using photo content for not only setting a visual connection to the provided services of a cleaning company but also as a part of scroll animation

One more popular case often demanding thorough attention to photo content is the situation when the person or company has to build an online portfolio website. The visitor’s attention span is very short, so works in the portfolio should be dressed to impress. In this case, photos often become the major visual attractor and help to build a consistent presentation.

Fashion models portfolio website

MYWONY wedding dresses brand website

Setting Atmosphere

One more point photos are highly effective at is the ability to instantly transfer the visitor to the needed atmosphere. Properly chosen quality photo creates the mood, and this way engages the users to not only see the content but also somehow feel it, connected to their own experience and imagination.

Gin School website design

Home page for the ballet company website concept

Due to that, in particular, atmospheric theme photos are quite popular to be used in hero sections of websites and landing pages. This way, designers activate the factor of emotion and delightfulness from the very start of interaction with the interface.

Website design concept inspired by Moesgaard Museum

One more popular UI design trend of a recent couple of years is using photos as background images. Not only does this approach make the screens visually and emotionally appealing, but it also supports the feeling of the integrity of all the layout elements. On the other hand, it demands deep attention to contrast and legibility of all the elements, which may be harder to achieve than in the case of monochrome background.

Website design concept inspired by Moesgaard Museum: the home page features an atmospheric full-screen background photo.

The impressive 404 error page for the website devoted to saving the oceans features an impressive full-screen background photo, instantly communicating the problem to the visitor.

Lumen Museum website pages

Humanized Connection

Consciously or unconsciously, people tend to be curious about other people. What’s even more important, in many cases, human photos look more convincing and trustworthy to us. No wonder one of the key goals behind the photos on websites or apps is making communication more human-like. Photos of teams working on a product, pictures of people to connect to, from founders and top managers to support personnel, photos of clients providing testimonials or reviews, authors of articles in the blog or media, and many other cases – all of them aim at making the user experience more human and trustworthy.

Nonconventional Show interview podcast website

Website of a fashion designer brand 

Design concept for a website for a photography contest

Website design for Mayple, a fully-managed marketing services marketplace designed to help businesses work with experts.

Directional Cues

A directional cue is an element of the user interface giving a visual hint on a certain interaction or content and helps the visitor see it quicker and easier, just like road signs and signposts do in the physical world. Directional cues are an essential factor in enhancing digital product usability, as they:

• enhance the page or screen scannability
• strengthen the visual hierarchy
• improve navigation
• increase conversion rates.

Photos integrated into the interface can also cover that role. They mostly function as pointers (a photo of a human, animal, or object pointing at the needed element and this way attracting users’ eye to it) or gaze direction (a photo of a human, animal, or character whose eyes are directed to the needed element this way stimulating a natural urge of users’ curiosity to check what it is).

The hair beauty company website uses a hero image on the home page that works as a directional cue: the model’s eyes attract your attention to the zone of CTA elements.

Guides and Manuals

Being highly effective and common in setting a natural visual connection with the physical world, photos often become the primary demonstration tool in diverse manuals and guides. Be it a recipe, a guide on how to use a device, to knit a scarf, to tie a neckerchief in 20 trendy ways, or even how to take a photo – whatever kind of instructions is given to a visitor, supported with good photos it will work much more user-friendly and will be far handier than just a text.

Dessert recipes blog

Illustrative Article Images

One more goal efficiently covered with photos is illustrating articles and online editorials. Photos can add visual support to the topic of the article and strengthen the text.

The rule of thumb here is not to use photos as visual fillers. Both title images and photos included in the article have to work as visual helpers, not distractors, so make them meaningful, informative, or at least adding the necessary mood if the article is a piece of the emotional story. If you are telling a historical or retrospective story, find proper archive photos; if that’s the article about a specific place, don’t use stock photos to show something similar but get the ones from that particular location. Relevance is a key to successful photo usage in this case.

Online editorial about different generations

Bartending encyclopedia website

Web design concept for an online magazine

Creating Emotional Appeal

Another big reason to integrate photo content is the emotional appeal added to the user experience. Whatever logical and thought-out we try to make our actions, the emotional background of the situation plays a crucial role in engagement and decision-making. And that is the aspect where images in general and photos, in particular, are super helpful. They set strong associations and build up the necessary atmosphere, often even before a visitor starts reading, as images are perceived faster than words. With the properly chosen photo integrated into the web or mobile layout, designers are able to capture not only the user’s eye but also transfer the needed mood.

Confectionery website design setting strong emotional appeal

Online editorial about the history and development of skateboarding

Book festival website

Advantages of Photos in Interface Design

The significant advantage of photos is their ability to connect what users see on the web page with a real world of physical things and live people. Photos have been a part of human reality for many decades, much before the Internet’s advent, so this kind of visuals is fairly native, close, and clear for us. What’s more, with all those devices that let any of us capture something in a second, photography is really a part of everyday life for many people – so, being used on a website, it sets strong connections and associations.

What’s more, photography is also a kind of art. With them, you can set the balance of realism and aesthetics in your web user interface. You can keep the necessary style appealing to your target audience and creating the required emotional background. That is one of the reasons for choosing photos to support articles on blogs and media websites.

Website design for a horse-riding club

Points to Consider

Using photos in web design, consider the following tips:

• download high-resolution photos
• optimize them for the web/mobile so that too big images don’t overload the page or screen – loading speed is a crucial factor of positive user experience
• give the images enough air to breathe – keep the balance of negative space
• remember about responsiveness and test how the images look on different screens and devices
• don’t use photos as just decor – let them speak to users, transfer a message and support all the other layouts.

Where Designers Get Photos

There are three several ways:

• original photo production for the particular project: this is the most expensive option, but the photos will have the highest level of exclusiveness;
• paid stock photos: you buy a photo you need from a photo stock that offers a variety of shots. This may be cheaper than custom photo shooting, but you may spend a lot of time searching for the photos corresponding to your tasks;
• free stock photos: you take the photos from the communities or teams that share them for free. It is the cheapest option, but you have to be ready that other people may do the same so you’ll have to think well about how to make your design original under these conditions.

So, it’s easy to see that the way you choose depends on a specific project, its budget, and goals.

Anyway, even if you are the one who runs a blog or charity with no budget for visuals or if you are creating a design concept for your portfolio, free photo stock websites offer a lot of high-quality content now. As well, some stock photo banks offer a mixed scheme, with some content or formats available for free and more on subscription; as well, from some of them, you can also order unique photos for your goals or buy already available photos to be sure they belong only to you.

Among them, the following resources are often used for good photo content:

• Unsplash: it’s a community of photographers from all over the world sharing their photos for free. Photos are featured under thorough curation, so you won’t find trash there
• Pexels: a big bank of free stock photos on a variety of topics
• Pixabay: a huge stock of free images, not only photos but also illustrations and vector graphics.
• Shutterstock: a huge bank of stock images on different topics, most content is available with a paid subscription
• Depositphotos: another massive library of stock images, especially for business and marketing goals, mostly available with a paid subscription

Useful Articles

Here’s a bunch of articles to dive deeper into the theme of web and mobile user experience design

User Experience Design: 7 Vital User Abilities

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Content

UX Design: Types of Interactive Content Amplifying Engagement

The Anatomy of a Web Page: 14 Basic Elements

 10 Reasons to Apply Illustrations in UI Design

UX Design: How to Make Web Interface Scannable

Negative Space in Design: Tips and Best Practices

Motion in UX Design: 6 Effective Types of Web Animation

Types of Contrast in User Interface Design

5 Pillars of Effective Landing Page Design

User Onboarding Design: Practices and Tips

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение Photo Content in User Interfaces: When and How It Works появились сначала на Design4Users.

Whatever is your artistic manner and workstyle, the major advice from our illustrator is like that: never stop where you are. Only the constant learning process can allow you to achieve creative development and not to get stuck on the sidelines of the information field.

But how to search for the needed data and process it properly?

These are the questions Yaroslava asked herself working on a new set of illustrations called Curious Cat. In addition, in this art project, she wanted to try new stylistic techniques that are often found in printed graphics but rarely in web illustrations.

Practical advice: If you want to reinforce and develop a certain stylistic skill, work on a consistent set of illustrations, not a single artwork. In this case, you get a hand in it, your creative approach is more systematic and complex. What’s more, you will tackle the difficulties which may not arise in one piece of art, and the customer, seeing a series of artworks, will catch the general style more accurately and understand that this artwork is not just accidental something taken out of thin air.

Stage 1: Color Palette

In this case, the artist proceeded from a style that was based on imitation of manual printing graphics. So, she chose 3 primary colors, the overlay of which would give her all the necessary palette and convey the spirit of screen printing. To reach that effect, she selected a brush in Procreate that creates the necessary texture. A more time-consuming but also the more effective method is creating your own brushes using textures from real materials. Yaroslava also added a neutral gray color and a couple of paper textures to the palette.

Stage 2: Theme

The artist was looking for an abstract theme that could have a logical sequence of illustrations and, at the same time, encourage her to search for new expressive techniques and compositions.

As a result, the choice was focused on the theme called Process, so the illustrations aimed at reflecting various stages of the research and creation process. Also, this series had a mascot character: the curious and clever Cat.

The illustrator took the basic and crucial stages of the creative process as themes for the illustrations in the set:

• statement of a question
• research
• data systematization
• analysis of the received data
• hypotheses
• solution

Stage 3: Process

It’s easy to see that the creative process starts much before the first line or word gets down on paper, canvas, or artboard. So, the set of artworks about the Curious Cat reflects will help us to define, describe, and illustrate the design flow for a series of digital illustrations.  If you project this list of points onto the creative process for illustration, then it might flow in the following way.

Statement of the question

• What goals do I set for myself?
• What do I want to achieve?
• Which illustrators do I like?
• What is in their work that caught my attention?
• What is my work missing?
• What skills would I like to upgrade?
• How can I reveal the topic?

It doesn’t mean to ask these questions all together at once, it’s enough to concentrate on a couple of aspects that are of interest at the moment since the tasks change and the entire analysis process needs to be done anew each time.

Research

This stage includes collecting references, selecting works of illustrators whose work inspires you, reading articles on the topic under study (in this case, about different kinds and approaches to the creative process), or perhaps even not this topic directly but the one that will really motivate you to work (for example, biographies of famous creative people you like), and creating a library or mood board of photo fragments you like.

Data systematization

It is a vital stage. It defines how you processed the information gathered at the previous stages and were able to structure it. For example:

• The works of this group of illustrators catch my attention and emotions with the transfer of movement.
• In this group of photographs, I adore a beautiful combination of colors.
• The description I read in the article helps to convey the problem more precisely.

Data Analysis

Analysis of the obtained data in case of the illustration process lies in the:

• creation of sketches
• trying various color selections
• thinking over the plot
• considering a character image.

The artist realized that this particular project needed a character. It was the best was to reach the consistency and united look of the different artworks. What’s more, the character was effective in clarifying the terminology and actions as well as humanizing and personalizing quite abstract notions and phenomena.

Here you can see the search process for the character images that went through several iterations before the Curious Cat was found as the best choice.

Hypotheses

This stage goes in parallel with the analysis. And often, for illustrators, it looks like creating sketches and possible variations, ideas on how you can get the best for the required plot, which composition, angle, or shape is more advantageous for conveying the essence, which colors will emphasize the mood and set the needed atmosphere.

Solution

The solution is the sum of all the stages passed and implemented in the illustration. The final result may seem simple and uncomplicated at first glance, but only after deep processing and analyzing the information, this result will be not random or accidental but will be based on experience and practice. What’s more, the set of illustrations opens a broader perspective for visual storytelling.

Hopefully, the stages described above will motivate you to try such a systematic approach in your illustration experience. Also, welcome to check more practical tips and examples by Yaroslava: in our earlier articles, she shared guides on how to build up your original style of illustration and also, she shared the creative process step-by-step in the case studies on narrative illustration, interface illustration, and theme illustration devoted to the Olympic Games.

Illustration Collections and Digital Art Case Studies

If you want to see more collections of illustrations or discover how they work in particular design projects, here’s the set of posts for you.

Book Illustrations for Visual Storytelling

45 Inspiring Illustrations About Workspaces, Creativity and Art

20+ Atmospheric Digital Illustrations: From Landscapes to City Views

Digital Art: 40+ Inspiring Illustrations on Diverse Themes

Case Study: Fulfill. Illustrations and Web Design for 3PLs Marketplace

Case Study: Roebuck. Mobile Design and Illustrations for Educational App

Case Study: World Humanitarian Day. Illustrations and Video for United Nations

Case Study: ABUK. Custom Book Cover Design for Audiobook App

Case Study: Moonworkers. Digital Illustrations on Film Production

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Content

10 Reasons to Apply Illustrations in UI Design

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic content by tubik arts

Сообщение Illustration Process: Creative Steps of Making Illustration Set появились сначала на Design4Users.

As in most cases, you have only several seconds to convince users to interact with your product; making it clear while the core pieces of content and interactive zones instantly visible may be crucial for decision-making.

The web page for the furniture company website uses an arrow with the text prompt to let visitors know about more content down the page.

How Directional Cues Influence User Experience?

Directional cues:

• enhance the page or screen scannability
• strengthen the visual hierarchy
• improve navigation
• increase conversion rates.

Perhaps, one of the most well-known practical experiments showing the power of directional cues and the effectiveness of their types was accomplished by CXL Insitute. They created several versions of the same landing page that only differed with directional cues, and then collected data on user interactions and analyzed it. Here’s how the options looked:

The experiment showed that the directional cues had a great impact on user experience, content consumption, and conversion rate:

• the page with a hand-drawn arrow got the longest time on page and the attention directed to the contact form

• the version of a page with a man looking away from the form got the least attention and interaction from users.

So, wisely applying directional cues, the UX designer enhances the visual communication of the interface with the user. Clarifying the way, we make it easier to achieve the destination, which is a factor influencing usability.

Popular Types of Directional Cues

Arrows

One of the most popular direction cues comes directly from the physical world. Perhaps, there is no more obvious and universal way to show the direction than with an arrow. That is the reason why a variety of arrows turn up here and there in interfaces to help the user not get lost. It is the pattern of interaction that is clear for people of any age, culture, level of education and tech literacy – and the experiment described above proves it well.

The website about nature expeditions uses an arrow down the hero section of the home page to engage users to scroll and see more than the above-the-fold part

Pet shop website uses the round animated text hint with an arrow inside to show users that by scrolling down they can learn more about the product

The website on forest camping uses arrows prompting interactions with horizontal slides.

Home decor ecommerce website uses arrows as the visual prompts on interactive elements.

The webpage for the hot-dog delivery service that allows for creating custom hot dogs uses arrows to let users see the stage they are at.

The animated arrow in the bottom area of the website for travelers invites users to scroll to see more.

The page for the Momatu website concept uses a curvy arrow to connect the tagline with the list of benefits uncovering its sense.

Pointers

What if you don’t want to make the design look that direct and straightforward as arrows do? Then pointers can help. Again, it works as effectively as in real life: when someone wants to direct your attention to an object or person, it’s enough just to point at it. On the web pages and mobile screens, this trick works the same way, giving the reason for various visuals giving an elegant visual hint on the core information or interactive element.

The home page for uMake website features a catchy animated hero illustration in which hands play the role of pointers drawing visitors’ attention to the CTA button.

This landing page of the platform for hiring artists uses the hero illustration that not only transfers the idea and makes the page attractive. It also works as a pointer: the composition of characters points at the zone with information and CTA.

It may not look like a direct pointer, but if you look attentively, you’ll see that all the dynamic composition of the page leads you to the zone of the call-to-action button, even the details such as the paper plane.

The hero illustration on the website of the luggage delivery service also uses the power of pointers: not only people but even the plane direct your eyes to the CTA button.

Hero illustration on the landing page of a productivity service also uses the composition and a character posture to make it a directional cue focusing users’ attention on the tagline.

Eye Line (Gaze Direction)

Eye direction is another powerful directional cue built on natural human reactions. When people see that someone’s eye is focused on some point or object, they have a natural urge of curiosity to check what it is. That is why this trick is often used with visual content like photos or illustrations integrated into UI layout.

The hero image of the cosmetics e-commerce website features a photo of two women, one of whom is looking directly at the visitor, setting emotional contact, while the other is looking down and here gaze direction naturally draws the visitor’s eyes to the tagline presenting the major benefits of the brand.

The hair beauty company website uses a hero image on the home page that works as a directional cue: the model’s eyes attract your attention to the zone of CTA elements.

The landing page for a dating app uses the illustration with a character whose eye line is directed at the information copy block.

The ecommerce website selling exclusive hair accessories uses a sophisticated hero illustration that also plays the role of a directional cue as the eyes of a character are directed to the tagline.

The hero section of the e-commerce website uses the image not only to demonstrate the product but also to work as a directional cue focused on a tagline.

Visual Prompts

Not only arrows can give users a hint that interaction is possible. Other objects can provide some help, like icons or illustrations symbolizing the type of interaction. The mouse may mean that you can scroll, the hand animation will let you know that it’s possible to swipe, and so on. This way, the users don’t need to make additional effort to understand how the interface works.

The website for a design studio uses the icon of the computer mouse as a visual prompt to try scrolling down.

The home page for the FarmSense website uses the text prompt Scroll to inform users that they can see more content on the page.

Part of the Following Content

One of the issues that may arise in the interaction process is the illusion of completeness. It happens when the layout seems to be complete, and it’s not clear that by scrolling, you can open more content. So, showing the part of the content that will continue below the area visible on the screen works as a non-obvious but effective directional cue. This way, users avoid the feeling that they have seen everything, and the risk of missing important content gets lower.

The list of tracks in the music learning app shows the part of the last tab at the bottom of the screen to give a hint that the list is not over and can be scrolled for more.

The fashion model portfolio webpage features parts of the photos in the bottom area to give users a hint about scrolling to see more.

The home page of the food delivery service shows the part of the menu in the bottom part of the screen to show that there is more content in the below-the-fold area. Also, the layout uses arrows as a directional cue showing that horizontal interaction will open another information block.

So, it’s easy to see how differently directional cues may look. Whatever kind of dress and performance is chosen for them, the main thing is that they present another sign of respect for the users saving their precious time and effort and making interactions natural and easy.

Useful Articles

Welcome to check more articles devoted to the issues of user experience design for web and mobile.

Basic Types of Buttons in Web and Mobile User Interfaces

How To Make Text Improve User Experience: Insights Into UX Writing

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Design

Negative Space in Design: What It Is and How To Use It

How to Make User Interface Readable: Tips and Practices

Hero Images in Web Design: When, Why, and How to Use

The Anatomy of a Web Page: 14 Basic Elements

Take My Money: UX Practices on Product Page Design

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение UX Details: Directional Cues in User Interface Design появились сначала на Design4Users.

What is crucial to keep in mind is that

• text is a part of design
• text is a part of user experience.

Education app screens featuring how text helps the digital product communicate with users

The term UX Writing is often replaced with Copywriting. Do they mean the same?

Basically, no, they define different types of activities. Copywriters’ main goal is creating texts that sell something, be it products, services, tools, intellectual and creative stuff, etc. UX writers’ task is to create texts that support and enhance users’ communication with interfaces, let them clearly understand what’s going on, and lighten the negative experience in case of errors or problems of interaction.

Nevertheless, coming from the advertising sphere, the term “copy” as a synonym of “text” quickly got a toehold in UI/UX design as well. Based on that, people creating texts for interfaces were also called copywriters, much before the term “UX writer” came into play. What’s more, in many companies, people writing marketing texts and interface texts are pretty much the same people. So, don’t be confused too much: although the terms define different tasks, they are still often used as synonyms, and text pieces in UI are usually called copy.

Booking Website home page

Is Text Needed for All Types of Interactions?

We have already touched on this issue in our article devoted to relations between icons and copy in user interfaces. Indeed, visuals are transmitted to the brain much faster than text, and important pieces of information are often fixed by the brain as images even if they were obtained via text perception. In user interfaces, where basic interactions should take seconds, this aspect is crucial, and it can be seen as the real reason to turn hell out of everything into the graphics. On the other hand, there is the aspect of meaning: users can perceive images super fast, but if the message they transfer is not clear and can have double-reading, this speed will not bring a positive user experience.

There are loads of widely recognized graphics and associations, such as a telephone receiver for a phone call, an envelope for mail, a magnifier for a search, and so on. Certainly, using them, you create a much faster perception of the UI functionality than using copy instead of an image. Nevertheless, in cases when the image of an icon is not so obvious, its usage should be thoughtfully contemplated. There are cases when text transfers the idea or data more clearly, so it is an effective solution to use the double scheme when the icon is supported by the text.

Travel Planner App doesn’t use text labels for icons in the tab bar

OtoZen application for save driving supports the icons in the tab bar with clarifying text labels

4 Basic Features of Effective UX Text

The copy content in any interface is based on 4 foundation stones: it has to be

• clear (users understand what you talk about, the core message isn’t blurred or complicated)
• concise (the piece of text is meaningful, laconic, and concentrated on the goal, no empty talk is included)
• useful (the copy gives users necessary information or helps with interactions)
• consistent (the copy within the interface of one digital product keeps the same style, tone, voice, and terminology)

Now, let’s review some practices helping to create texts that support the positive user experience.

Perfect Bouquet App

Useful Tips on UX Writing

1. Integrate real copy in UI as early as possible

Working on early versions of a user interface, UX designers tend to use the so-called Lorem Ipsum. It’s a kind of popular placeholder text that looks like Latin but really doesn’t mean anything. It’s aimed at creating a natural-looking piece of text in the layout of a webpage, mobile screen, magazine or newspaper page, etc.

Onboarding screens for the Manuva app at the UI design stage, using Lorem Ipsum for placeholder copy blocks

When you are deep in the design process, it is really tempting to just copy-paste the nonsense text into the places planned for copy blocks. Why is it a not-so-good idea?

Firstly, the text is a part of the design. Various letter combinations look different. Words have different volumes and structures. It’s especially true for a tagline that presents one of the most important elements of webpage visual hierarchy and is scanned in the first seconds of interaction. So, what pleases your eye in Lorem Ipsum may not work with real text that will be used on the page or screen.

Secondly, by using the realistic text, you make a prototype feel genuine and natural. Let’s say, if you design a website selling cooking equipment, you won’t use photos or illustrations of agriculture machines for placeholders, even at the earliest stages of the design process, will you? Why? Because it won’t connect the design concept with the goals set for this product. The same happens with the text part of the layout. The copy you use should create a united image and experience with all the other elements of the layout. What’s more, you can spend hours working out the great looks for notification pop-ups, system messages, and webpage text blocks – and all that effort will be wasted when you realize that the real copy to be used in this UI is different in its length, structure and perhaps even message.

Onboarding screens for Bees and Honey app concept

Shipping company website

2. Build a solid text hierarchy allowing users to scan the page content

In our article devoted to web scannability, we have already mentioned the well-checked fact: users don’t start an interaction by reading every text element on the page or screen. They scan it in search of the hooks that can catch their attention: if they are convincing enough, the user makes a decision to give the resource a second look, attentive and diving into detail. Although pictures of any kind are much more catchy and faster perceived, in many cases, text becomes the element that plays a crucial part in decision-making. One of the reasons is that from one generation to another, we are traditionally accustomed to seeing a text as a main source of information.

Grounded on that, keep in mind that the main message presented in text form would better be quickly found in the first seconds of interaction. All the text elements should be organized according to the typographic hierarchy so that by scanning the page or screen, the user could quickly understand which part carries the core message and which is less important. Also, it’s advisable to make text harmonically work together with key images on the page or screen (illustration, photo, 3D rendered image, etc.)

Dance Classes platform website

Health Blog home page where all the copy elements are connected to the hero image

3. Catch attention with numbers and marked elements

One of the investigations of user behavior provided by Nielsen Norman Blog shared an interesting finding: based on eye-tracking studies, while users scan web pages, numerals often stop the wandering eye and attract fixations, even when they’re embedded within a mass of words that users otherwise ignore. People subconsciously associate numbers with facts, stats, sizes, and distance – something potentially useful for them. So they are hooked with the numbers included in the copy while words representing numerals can be missed in the bulk of the text. In addition, whatever numbers represent, they are more compact than their textual variant, which enables designers to make the content concise and time-saving for skimming the data.

Everything mentioned above can be a reason to break some rules and habits. Traditionally, we are recommended to spell the numbers at the beginning of the sentences, spell the numbers from zero to ten, etc., and you may follow all that successfully in articles and other types of copy content presented with a big amount of text. However, for the texts accompanying the interactions, you should be as focused as possible, and it’s a good idea to catch users’ attention with numbers.

Habit Builder mobile application

Dance Classes app

Also, don’t forget about the ways of marking out the specific information that came from book and magazine design: bold and italic fonts, word sizes, negative space, different colors, or highlighting – all that stuff worked many years ago and still works successfully today. Just don’t overact, don’t overwhelm users with too many elements trying to catch their attention. As Aarron Walter said, “If everything yells for your viewer’s attention, nothing is heard.”

Construction company website with a typography-based design that marks the keywords with different color.

4. Be focused and grammar-flexible

No doubt, clarity and grammar correctness build the foundation of a good experience when it comes to text. However, it may work differently if you write a microcopy for a button or the message is limited to a rather small number of characters on a pop-up screen. So, here you have to decide on being grammar-flexible, which means avoiding complicated constructions and reducing the elements that do not play a vital role.

For example, Material Design guide on writing advises avoiding unnecessary punctuation such as periods in copy for labels, hover text, bulleted lists, dialog body text, or colons after labels.

As well, for UX copy, they recommend using present tenses but in their simple forms.

Also, keep in mind that choosing Active Voice instead of Passive whenever it’s possible is a good idea. In most cases, it looks more natural and clear; in addition, it may be more user-friendly for users who are not advanced in English.

Just always remember that the main goal of the text in mobile or web interface is to inform. Daily overwhelmed with tons of information; users want to get it quickly and effortlessly – so give it to them. It’s not about breaking all the rules and communicating with unnatural phrases. It’s about the best expression of text minimalism, cutting off the stuff that’s not essential. It’s about using simple and direct language clear to various users.

Blog App

Nielsen Norman Group even posted the article sharing the list of cringe-worthy words and phrases that you would better avoid in UI texts, among which:

• very (and other intensifiers):
• utilize
• enable
• we understand (in today’s fast-paced world…) and other blah-blah stuff
• end-user

That’s especially true for mobile interfaces, which are strictly limited in space that can be used for copy content, and with them, you have to take into account that users often deal with apps on the go. The issue of being clear and readable directly influences user experience and conversion level. So, a question like “Save changes?” looks more effective here than “Would you like to save the changes?” or “Do you want to save the changes?” or “Please confirm that you would like to save the changes” and so on.

Delivery screens for Tasty Burger App

5. Do A/B testing for the copy of interactive elements

Buttons copy is one of the crucial parts of user experience: if you are not into UX design and writing, you could be surprised how much time and effort should be devoted to these small but impactful elements of the layout. What is written on the button should direct users to the action and let them understand what happens next. So, as well as you test design solutions such as color, placement, or the size of the button, you are recommended to make the text of the button label another object of A/B testing. Especially, if you are not a part of the core target audience: for instance, you create the product for elderly people with a low level of tech literacy while you yourself are a young advanced user of various software and gadgets. Testing will give you an understanding of how real users perceive the label and what kind of text is more convincing for them.

Home page for the web platform to find and hire artists

Buttons often offer the choices to a user: we can accept, delay or cancel something, Writing text for such elements, remember the idea shared in one of the recent explorations by Nielsen Norman Group: “The copy that you use in choices on your interface asks people to agree with a statement. That statement is often about themselves or the actions that they wish to take. It’s important from a user-experience standpoint and from a business perspective to write interface copy that supports rather than undermines the decision-making process. Trust, expectations, and positive self-image all shape the associations that users will have with a product. An honest, direct presentation of choices creates trust and positive emotion.”

Mobile screens for a cookbook app

6. Build natural and consistent dialogue

The best thing you can do for your user with the written content is to create a feeling of communication with a human. A human that has a clear style and voice of communication is helpful and doesn’t try to reinvent the wheel at every step just to emmarvel you. Decide upon the main terminology and names of operations – and use them throughout the messages and notifications: for example, use the word “delete” every time when this action is meant to be done, and don’t replace it with “remove” for some screens if the action is the same. Synonyms are good for making language bright and vivid in articles or books, but they may ruin user experience making users find the connections between synonymic terms instead of just using the product to solve their problems.

Here’s another example from the Material Design guide on writing.

Music Learning application 

7. Make your text feel like the users’ friend

Supporting the previous idea, keep the style of the dialogue that corresponds to the target audience’s expectations. Being clear and friendly is more important here than being linguistically elaborate – the only exception is when target users do expect this kind of language. User research is your homework in this case: it allows both designers and writers to clarify a proper style choice for not only visual but also copy solutions.

Profile creation screens for Inspora, the virtual stylist

Onboarding screens of an app for hiring vintage cars

8. Avoid slang

By slang, we mean here any kind of specific and technical terms that can confuse users. For example, when you inform a user that the video is buffering, are you sure he or she knows what that means? If yes, that’s a good choice of text. If not, look for a simpler word. Don’t use “enable” instead of “turn on,” which is much clearer for most people. Here’s an example from Alfresco Writing Guide.

9. Don’t forget about capitalization

Basically, capitalization is writing or printing in capital letters or with an initial capital. There are three levels of capitalization:

• all-caps (all the letters are capital)
• title case (the first letter of each word is capitalized, excluding prepositions up to 4 letters and articles)
• sentence case (you only capitalize the first letter of the first word and proper nouns, as you would in a sentence).

Landing page design for security service

Now, there are hot discussions about using sentence case instead of title case as it feels more friendly and informal. However, for English speakers, it’s still a natural feature of the language that, apart from feeling the text as less or more formal, marks the levels of text hierarchy. So, the decision is up to you, of course, but consider the following tips about capitalization:

• Use Title Style Caps to mark field labels, actions, menu items, and page titles
• Choose Sentence style caps for longer copy such as page or field descriptions and tooltips
• Apply ALL-CAPS moderately, only to super important items (short taglines, brand name, core navigation points in website header, short call-to-action text, and abbreviations like OK), and avoid it in all the rest of the cases.

Whatever choice you make, what’s really important: be consistent. Make a decision once – and follow it through the whole interface. If you decide to use a title case for all the buttons, check that you keep that rule all the time. Inconsistency distracts and even annoys users.

Sign-up screen for a restaurant app

10. Start from the most important information

This advice seems to be super simple, so that’s surprising what a big number of people dealing with copy don’t follow it. In the case of short text, instruction, or message, focus only on valuable information, and don’t distract users with too much lead-in and warm-up text. Sure, it doesn’t mean that you have to come up with only dry, unemotional information-only texts, yet try to minimize the supportive part and maximize the active one. For longer texts, such as articles, guides, product descriptions, and the like, consider using the principle from journalism called the Inverted Pyramid Principle. It’s when you go from what’s needed to know to what’s nice to know, from the core message to the details which may be not that vital.

The home page for the Gin Scholl website uncovers the information gradually, from the core message to the details.

All the mentioned tips are not the cure-all: the decisions upon them have to be based on studies and analysis for each particular case. There are numerous factors that influence the creation of copy for interfaces, from purely design ones to a general brand strategy that defines the style of communication with users. Anyway, we hope that the list collected above will help you to come up with creative lines supporting a positive user experience. Sure, there are more points, cases, and examples to discuss and consider in the domain of UX writing, so we will continue the theme in our upcoming posts. Don’t miss it!

Useful Reading

Guide into Types of Copy for Mobile and Web Interfaces

Material Design: Writing

3C of UI Design: Color, Contrast, Content

Inverted Pyramid: Writing for Comprehension

Interface Copy Impacts Decision Making

Tips on Applying Copy Content in User Interfaces

User Experience: How to Make Web Interface Scannable

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic and video content by tubik

Сообщение How To Make Text Improve User Experience: Insights Into UX Writing появились сначала на Design4Users.

Illustration by Tubik Arts

What Is Negative Space in Design?

Basically, negative space – or white space, as it’s often called – is the area of the layout that is left empty. It may be not only around the objects you place in the layout but also between and inside them. Negative space is a kind of breathing room for all the objects on the page or screen. Not only does it define the limits of objects but it also creates the necessary bonds between them according to Gestalt principles and builds up effective visual performance. Due to that, white space is a rightful design element that has a big impact on positive user experience. “White space is like a canvas: it’s the background that holds the elements together in a design, enabling them to stand out” – says Mads Soegaard from Interaction Design Foundation.

Negative space in graphic design is often seen in logos, on illustrations, posters, and creative lettering where it becomes an active part of the visual presentation making key objects even more expressive. For example, in the blog illustration below we can see how the background element (moon) plays the role of contrasting negative space making the astronaut look more vivid and dynamic.

In UI design for websites and mobile apps, negative space is a big factor of high usability and navigability of the interface. The negative space around the layout elements is also called macro space whereas the space between them and inside (for letters and stroke elements) is also called micro space.

Health blog layout looks airy and readable due to the skilfully applied negative space

What Is the Difference Between White Space and Negative Space?

Short answer: no difference. These terms are fully interchangeable. Why is this phenomenon called in two different terms? It’s easy to answer if you trace the origins. The term “white space” comes from print design since the times when pages were mostly white, so white space was everything around, between, and inside the letters or symbols as well as around illustrations. Today, used in design, this term has nothing to do with white color: it’s all about empty space rather than color. The term “negative space” comes from photography: on a photo shot, they define positive space (objects attracting attention) and negative space (background).

What is important to remember is that negative space in web design doesn’t have to be only white. You can use any color, texture, even pattern, or background image.

Balloon rides website employs animated full-screen photos and videos which set the negative space for text content and navigation elements

Why Is Negative Space Important?

Imagine yourself coming into a room fully packed with various staff. Shelves, boxes, bags, piles of books and clothes, the desk cluttered with various things. Will you be able to concentrate on such conditions? Do you really need all those things right now? Will you be able to find what you need and how much time will it take? Well, that’s pretty the same as what users feel opening the page or screen without a vital air of negative space.

Both clients and some designers may want to put as many elements and features as possible on one page or screen thinking that it will save the game and will be helpful for clients. But that’s a mistake: in fact, users don’t need everything at once. Even more, too many elements without enough air significantly raise the level of distraction: overloaded with information and interactive elements most of which they DON’T need, users will have to make an effort to find what they DO need. As Aarron Walter mentioned, “if everything yells for your viewer’s attention, nothing is heard”.

Among the benefits of a thoughtful approach to negative space in design, we could mention the following:

• it supports scannability of the page
• it enhances visual hierarchy
• it makes the bonds between the elements visible and naturally perceived without additional means like tables, frames, arrows
• it provides enough air on the page so that it didn’t feel cluttered
• it sets the user’s focus on core elements and reduces the level of distraction
• it adds style and elegance to the page.

For example, let’s look at the landing page of the Big City Guide. Here the designer applies a background photo and it plays the role of negative space on a macro level. Even more, the elements of the photo and the lettering of the main copy element are interconnected: it makes negative space an active element of design and gives the page a united harmonic look.

Here’s another example: the website promoting winter holidays uses atmospheric and impressive video to make the negative space set the theme and awe the visitors from the first seconds.

Core Factors Influenced by Negative Space

Using negative space properly may have a considerable impact on the following factors of user experience.

Readability and legibility: if there’s not enough space between the elements, they become hard to read and demand additional effort. It may be a strong reason for eye and brain tense although many users won’t be able to formulate the problem. A proper amount of negative space, especially micro space, solves this problem and makes the process more natural. So, negative space directly influences the efficiency of typography on the page or screen. In music, pauses play the same role as sounds. In reading it works the same way: empty spaces placed correctly make the text easier to read.

Due to the big amount of negative space on the page of the horse riding club, visitors can enjoy photos and read the text easily

Branding: if you check any logo guideline, you will find that designers define the appropriate amount of negative space around it so that it was perceived correctly. Breaking these rules is harmful to visual performance.

Nature of the resource: negative space has an impact on the so-called design tone. For example, news resources will have less white space on the home page than blogs to set the mood and understanding that the platform is full of data that appears dynamically.

Attention ratio: enough negative space enhances visual hierarchy and allows users to focus on the key elements.

A good balance of content, navigation, and negative space on the screen makes the mobile application for setting personal challenges clear and easy-to-use

The yacht hiring website page looks airy and usable due to the negative space that helps to build a solid visual hierarchy with clear visual accents

Based on that, negative space has an impact on visual perception in such aspects as:

• copy content
• graphic content
• navigation
• identity.

Let’s check a couple of examples. Here’s a couple of pages for the online editorial devoted to different generations. Without any visual frames and tables, due to the balanced use of negative space, the designer builds up a strong visual hierarchy and lets the reader scan various blocks of content in split seconds. This way design looks organized but light and airy. Contrasting backgrounds and layout arrangement make the pages look similar to magazine pages which harmonically informs the reader about the nature of the online resource.

Another example is a mobile application Upper app: here the negative space is all black, creating a great contrast to the core elements of the interface. For the whole screen, only one straight line is used. Nevertheless, all the layout looks organized and highly readable due to enough air and no distractors. It also supports stylist minimalist elegance to favor aesthetic satisfaction.

Pitfalls to Consider

1. Confusing terminology. When you are talking to clients who may be not deeply familiar with design terms, make sure you explain the meaning of negative space before you describe the design solution. It may be hard for a non-designer to understand why “this screen needed more white space” looking at the totally black background as well as negative space may be associated with something bad – which it is not. So, don’t forget to dot all the i’s before using the terms.

2. Wish to reduce negative space to put more on the page or screen. It happens not only in UI design: you may hear how interior designer recommends saving some space to the client who wants 4 bookcases in one room instead of 2, or an architect explaining why there is the need for empty space around the building to make it look and serve better. Even more, sometimes re-planning the elements with the better use of negative space creates the illusion of the room or building being bigger than it really is – and the same happens with data you have to put on a mobile screen or web page. Decide what’s more important, what’s secondary, and what can be eliminated so that to navigate the user intuitively. Negative space will help to make the harmonic look of the screen or page even if it’s full of information and functions.

3. Poor prioritization. Negative space is not a cure-all if thought-out information architecture doesn’t stand behind an interface. Before you think about the design skin, you have to decide how the user will find the shortcut to his/her goal and solves his/her problem with an app or website. Plan this route before you make the looks presenting it in style; otherwise, even the best balance of visual elements including negative space won’t work effectively.

Useful Reading

Here’s the set of articles on more aspects and best practices of user experience design.

How to Make User Interface Readable: Tips and Practices

10 Reasons to Apply Illustrations in User Interfaces

5 Basic Types of Images for Web Design

3C of Interface Design: Color, Contrast, Content

User Experience: How to Improve Web Scannability

Hero Images in Web Design: When, Why and How

Color Scheme for Interface: Light or Dark UI?

Visual Dividers in User Interfaces: Types and Design Tips

Web Design: 16 Basic Types of Web Pages

How to Design User Onboarding

Originally written for Tubik Blog, graphic content by tubik

Сообщение Negative Space in Design: What It Is and How To Use It появились сначала на Design4Users.